no trailing slash, full path, not relative to `ABSPATH`.
			 *
			 * @since 2.1.0
			 */
			define( 'WP_LANG_DIR', ABSPATH . WPINC . '/languages' );
			if ( !defined( 'LANGDIR' ) ) {
				// Old relative path maintained for backward compatibility.
				define( 'LANGDIR', WPINC . '/languages' );
			}
		}
	}
}

/**
 * Load the database class file and instantiate the `$wpdb` global.
 *
 * @since 2.5.0
 *
 * @global wpdb $wpdb The WordPress database class.
 */
function require_wp_db() {
	global $wpdb;

	require_once( ABSPATH . WPINC . '/wp-db.php' );
	if ( file_exists( WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/db.php' ) )
		require_once( WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/db.php' );

	if ( isset( $wpdb ) ) {
		return;
	}

	$wpdb = new wpdb( DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD, DB_NAME, DB_HOST );
}

/**
 * Set the database table prefix and the format specifiers for database
 * table columns.
 *
 * Columns not listed here default to `%s`.
 *
 * @since 3.0.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @global wpdb   $wpdb         The WordPress database class.
 * @global string $table_prefix The database table prefix.
 */
function wp_set_wpdb_vars() {
	global $wpdb, $table_prefix;
	if ( !empty( $wpdb->error ) )
		dead_db();

	$wpdb->field_types = array( 'post_author' => '%d', 'post_parent' => '%d', 'menu_order' => '%d', 'term_id' => '%d', 'term_group' => '%d', 'term_taxonomy_id' => '%d',
		'parent' => '%d', 'count' => '%d','object_id' => '%d', 'term_order' => '%d', 'ID' => '%d', 'comment_ID' => '%d', 'comment_post_ID' => '%d', 'comment_parent' => '%d',
		'user_id' => '%d', 'link_id' => '%d', 'link_owner' => '%d', 'link_rating' => '%d', 'option_id' => '%d', 'blog_id' => '%d', 'meta_id' => '%d', 'post_id' => '%d',
		'user_status' => '%d', 'umeta_id' => '%d', 'comment_karma' => '%d', 'comment_count' => '%d',
		// multisite:
		'active' => '%d', 'cat_id' => '%d', 'deleted' => '%d', 'lang_id' => '%d', 'mature' => '%d', 'public' => '%d', 'site_id' => '%d', 'spam' => '%d',
	);

	$prefix = $wpdb->set_prefix( $table_prefix );

	if ( is_wp_error( $prefix ) ) {
		wp_load_translations_early();
		wp_die(
			/* translators: 1: $table_prefix 2: wp-config.php */
			sprintf( __( '<strong>ERROR</strong>: %1$s in %2$s can only contain numbers, letters, and underscores.' ),
				'<code>$table_prefix</code>',
				'<code>wp-config.php</code>'
			)
		);
	}
}

/**
 * Toggle `$_wp_using_ext_object_cache` on and off without directly
 * touching global.
 *
 * @since 3.7.0
 *
 * @global bool $_wp_using_ext_object_cache
 *
 * @param bool $using Whether external object cache is being used.
 * @return bool The current 'using' setting.
 */
function wp_using_ext_object_cache( $using = null ) {
	global $_wp_using_ext_object_cache;
	$current_using = $_wp_using_ext_object_cache;
	if ( null !== $using )
		$_wp_using_ext_object_cache = $using;
	return $current_using;
}

/**
 * Start the WordPress object cache.
 *
 * If an object-cache.php file exists in the wp-content directory,
 * it uses that drop-in as an external object cache.
 *
 * @since 3.0.0
 * @access private
 */
function wp_start_object_cache() {
	global $wp_filter;

	$first_init = false;
 	if ( ! function_exists( 'wp_cache_init' ) ) {
		if ( file_exists( WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/object-cache.php' ) ) {
			require_once ( WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/object-cache.php' );
			if ( function_exists( 'wp_cache_init' ) ) {
				wp_using_ext_object_cache( true );
			}

			// Re-initialize any hooks added manually by object-cache.php
			if ( $wp_filter ) {
				$wp_filter = WP_Hook::build_preinitialized_hooks( $wp_filter );
			}
		}

		$first_init = true;
	} elseif ( ! wp_using_ext_object_cache() && file_exists( WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/object-cache.php' ) ) {
		/*
		 * Sometimes advanced-cache.php can load object-cache.php before
		 * it is loaded here. This breaks the function_exists check above
		 * and can result in `$_wp_using_ext_object_cache` being set
		 * incorrectly. Double check if an external cache exists.
		 */
		wp_using_ext_object_cache( true );
	}

	if ( ! wp_using_ext_object_cache() ) {
		require_once ( ABSPATH . WPINC . '/cache.php' );
	}

	/*
	 * If cache supports reset, reset instead of init if already
	 * initialized. Reset signals to the cache that global IDs
	 * have changed and it may need to update keys and cleanup caches.
	 */
	if ( ! $first_init && function_exists( 'wp_cache_switch_to_blog' ) ) {
		wp_cache_switch_to_blog( get_current_blog_id() );
	} elseif ( function_exists( 'wp_cache_init' ) ) {
		wp_cache_init();
	}

	if ( function_exists( 'wp_cache_add_global_groups' ) ) {
		wp_cache_add_global_groups( array( 'users', 'userlogins', 'usermeta', 'user_meta', 'useremail', 'userslugs', 'site-transient', 'site-options', 'blog-lookup', 'blog-details', 'site-details', 'rss', 'global-posts', 'blog-id-cache', 'networks', 'sites' ) );
		wp_cache_add_non_persistent_groups( array( 'counts', 'plugins' ) );
	}
}

/**
 * Redirect to the installer if WordPress is not installed.
 *
 * Dies with an error message when Multisite is enabled.
 *
 * @since 3.0.0
 * @access private
 */
function wp_not_installed() {
	if ( is_multisite() ) {
		if ( ! is_blog_installed() && ! wp_installing() ) {
			nocache_headers();

			wp_die( __( 'The site you have requested is not installed properly. Please contact the system administrator.' ) );
		}
	} elseif ( ! is_blog_installed() && ! wp_installing() ) {
		nocache_headers();

		require( ABSPATH . WPINC . '/kses.php' );
		require( ABSPATH . WPINC . '/pluggable.php' );
		require( ABSPATH . WPINC . '/formatting.php' );

		$link = wp_guess_url() . '/wp-admin/install.php';

		wp_redirect( $link );
		die();
	}
}

/**
 * Retrieve an array of must-use plugin files.
 *
 * The default directory is wp-content/mu-plugins. To change the default
 * directory manually, define `WPMU_PLUGIN_DIR` and `WPMU_PLUGIN_URL`
 * in wp-config.php.
 *
 * @since 3.0.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @return array Files to include.
 */
function wp_get_mu_plugins() {
	$mu_plugins = array();
	if ( !is_dir( WPMU_PLUGIN_DIR ) )
		return $mu_plugins;
	if ( ! $dh = opendir( WPMU_PLUGIN_DIR ) )
		return $mu_plugins;
	while ( ( $plugin = readdir( $dh ) ) !== false ) {
		if ( substr( $plugin, -4 ) == '.php' )
			$mu_plugins[] = WPMU_PLUGIN_DIR . '/' . $plugin;
	}
	closedir( $dh );
	sort( $mu_plugins );

	return $mu_plugins;
}

/**
 * Retrieve an array of active and valid plugin files.
 *
 * While upgrading or installing WordPress, no plugins are returned.
 *
 * The default directory is wp-content/plugins. To change the default
 * directory manually, define `WP_PLUGIN_DIR` and `WP_PLUGIN_URL`
 * in wp-config.php.
 *
 * @since 3.0.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @return array Files.
 */
function wp_get_active_and_valid_plugins() {
	$plugins = array();
	$active_plugins = (array) get_option( 'active_plugins', array() );

	// Check for hacks file if the option is enabled
	if ( get_option( 'hack_file' ) && file_exists( ABSPATH . 'my-hacks.php' ) ) {
		_deprecated_file( 'my-hacks.php', '1.5.0' );
		array_unshift( $plugins, ABSPATH . 'my-hacks.php' );
	}

	if ( empty( $active_plugins ) || wp_installing() )
		return $plugins;

	$network_plugins = is_multisite() ? wp_get_active_network_plugins() : false;

	foreach ( $active_plugins as $plugin ) {
		if ( ! validate_file( $plugin ) // $plugin must validate as file
			&& '.php' == substr( $plugin, -4 ) // $plugin must end with '.php'
			&& file_exists( WP_PLUGIN_DIR . '/' . $plugin ) // $plugin must exist
			// not already included as a network plugin
			&& ( ! $network_plugins || ! in_array( WP_PLUGIN_DIR . '/' . $plugin, $network_plugins ) )
			)
		$plugins[] = WP_PLUGIN_DIR . '/' . $plugin;
	}
	return $plugins;
}

/**
 * Set internal encoding.
 *
 * In most cases the default internal encoding is latin1, which is
 * of no use, since we want to use the `mb_` functions for `utf-8` strings.
 *
 * @since 3.0.0
 * @access private
 */
function wp_set_internal_encoding() {
	if ( function_exists( 'mb_internal_encoding' ) ) {
		$charset = get_option( 'blog_charset' );
		if ( ! $charset || ! @mb_internal_encoding( $charset ) )
			mb_internal_encoding( 'UTF-8' );
	}
}

/**
 * Add magic quotes to `$_GET`, `$_POST`, `$_COOKIE`, and `$_SERVER`.
 *
 * Also forces `$_REQUEST` to be `$_GET + $_POST`. If `$_SERVER`,
 * `$_COOKIE`, or `$_ENV` are needed, use those superglobals directly.
 *
 * @since 3.0.0
 * @access private
 */
function wp_magic_quotes() {
	// If already slashed, strip.
	if ( get_magic_quotes_gpc() ) {
		$_GET    = stripslashes_deep( $_GET    );
		$_POST   = stripslashes_deep( $_POST   );
		$_COOKIE = stripslashes_deep( $_COOKIE );
	}

	// Escape with wpdb.
	$_GET    = add_magic_quotes( $_GET    );
	$_POST   = add_magic_quotes( $_POST   );
	$_COOKIE = add_magic_quotes( $_COOKIE );
	$_SERVER = add_magic_quotes( $_SERVER );

	// Force REQUEST to be GET + POST.
	$_REQUEST = array_merge( $_GET, $_POST );
}

/**
 * Runs just before PHP shuts down execution.
 *
 * @since 1.2.0
 * @access private
 */
function shutdown_action_hook() {
	/**
	 * Fires just before PHP shuts down execution.
	 *
	 * @since 1.2.0
	 */
	do_action( 'shutdown' );

	wp_cache_close();
}

/**
 * Copy an object.
 *
 * @since 2.7.0
 * @deprecated 3.2.0
 *
 * @param object $object The object to clone.
 * @return object The cloned object.
 */
function wp_clone( $object ) {
	// Use parens for clone to accommodate PHP 4. See #17880
	return clone( $object );
}

/**
 * Whether the current request is for an administrative interface page.
 *
 * Does not check if the user is an administrator; current_user_can()
 * for checking roles and capabilities.
 *
 * @since 1.5.1
 *
 * @global WP_Screen $current_screen
 *
 * @return bool True if inside WordPress administration interface, false otherwise.
 */
function is_admin() {
	if ( isset( $GLOBALS['current_screen'] ) )
		return $GLOBALS['current_screen']->in_admin();
	elseif ( defined( 'WP_ADMIN' ) )
		return WP_ADMIN;

	return false;
}

/**
 * Whether the current request is for a site's admininstrative interface.
 *
 * e.g. `/wp-admin/`
 *
 * Does not check if the user is an administrator; current_user_can()
 * for checking roles and capabilities.
 *
 * @since 3.1.0
 *
 * @global WP_Screen $current_screen
 *
 * @return bool True if inside WordPress blog administration pages.
 */
function is_blog_admin() {
	if ( isset( $GLOBALS['current_screen'] ) )
		return $GLOBALS['current_screen']->in_admin( 'site' );
	elseif ( defined( 'WP_BLOG_ADMIN' ) )
		return WP_BLOG_ADMIN;

	return false;
}

/**
 * Whether the current request is for the network administrative interface.
 *
 * e.g. `/wp-admin/network/`
 *
 * Does not check if the user is an administrator; current_user_can()
 * for checking roles and capabilities.
 *
 * @since 3.1.0
 *
 * @global WP_Screen $current_screen
 *
 * @return bool True if inside WordPress network administration pages.
 */
function is_network_admin() {
	if ( isset( $GLOBALS['current_screen'] ) )
		return $GLOBALS['current_screen']->in_admin( 'network' );
	elseif ( defined( 'WP_NETWORK_ADMIN' ) )
		return WP_NETWORK_ADMIN;

	return false;
}

/**
 * Whether the current request is for a user admin screen.
 *
 * e.g. `/wp-admin/user/`
 *
 * Does not inform on whether the user is an admin! Use capability
 * checks to tell if the user should be accessing a section or not
 * current_user_can().
 *
 * @since 3.1.0
 *
 * @global WP_Screen $current_screen
 *
 * @return bool True if inside WordPress user administration pages.
 */
function is_user_admin() {
	if ( isset( $GLOBALS['current_screen'] ) )
		return $GLOBALS['current_screen']->in_admin( 'user' );
	elseif ( defined( 'WP_USER_ADMIN' ) )
		return WP_USER_ADMIN;

	return false;
}

/**
 * If Multisite is enabled.
 *
 * @since 3.0.0
 *
 * @return bool True if Multisite is enabled, false otherwise.
 */
function is_multisite() {
	if ( defined( 'MULTISITE' ) )
		return MULTISITE;

	if ( defined( 'SUBDOMAIN_INSTALL' ) || defined( 'VHOST' ) || defined( 'SUNRISE' ) )
		return true;

	return false;
}

/**
 * Retrieve the current site ID.
 *
 * @since 3.1.0
 *
 * @global int $blog_id
 *
 * @return int Site ID.
 */
function get_current_blog_id() {
	global $blog_id;
	return absint($blog_id);
}

/**
 * Retrieves the current network ID.
 *
 * @since 4.6.0
 *
 * @return int The ID of the current network.
 */
function get_current_network_id() {
	if ( ! is_multisite() ) {
		return 1;
	}

	$current_network = get_network();

	if ( ! isset( $current_network->id ) ) {
		return get_main_network_id();
	}

	return absint( $current_network->id );
}

/**
 * Attempt an early load of translations.
 *
 * Used for errors encountered during the initial loading process, before
 * the locale has been properly detected and loaded.
 *
 * Designed for unusual load sequences (like setup-config.php) or for when
 * the script will then terminate with an error, otherwise there is a risk
 * that a file can be double-included.
 *
 * @since 3.4.0
 * @access private
 *
 * @global WP_Locale $wp_locale The WordPress date and time locale object.
 *
 * @staticvar bool $loaded
 */
function wp_load_translations_early() {
	global $wp_locale;

	static $loaded = false;
	if ( $loaded )
		return;
	$loaded = true;

	if ( function_exists( 'did_action' ) && did_action( 'init' ) )
		return;

	// We need $wp_local_package
	require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/version.php';

	// Translation and localization
	require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/pomo/mo.php';
	require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/l10n.php';
	require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-locale.php';
	require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-locale-switcher.php';

	// General libraries
	require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/plugin.php';

	$locales = $locations = array();

	while ( true ) {
		if ( defined( 'WPLANG' ) ) {
			if ( '' == WPLANG )
				break;
			$locales[] = WPLANG;
		}

		if ( isset( $wp_local_package ) )
			$locales[] = $wp_local_package;

		if ( ! $locales )
			break;

		if ( defined( 'WP_LANG_DIR' ) && @is_dir( WP_LANG_DIR ) )
			$locations[] = WP_LANG_DIR;

		if ( defined( 'WP_CONTENT_DIR' ) && @is_dir( WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/languages' ) )
			$locations[] = WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/languages';

		if ( @is_dir( ABSPATH . 'wp-content/languages' ) )
			$locations[] = ABSPATH . 'wp-content/languages';

		if ( @is_dir( ABSPATH . WPINC . '/languages' ) )
			$locations[] = ABSPATH . WPINC . '/languages';

		if ( ! $locations )
			break;

		$locations = array_unique( $locations );

		foreach ( $locales as $locale ) {
			foreach ( $locations as $location ) {
				if ( file_exists( $location . '/' . $locale . '.mo' ) ) {
					load_textdomain( 'default', $location . '/' . $locale . '.mo' );
					if ( defined( 'WP_SETUP_CONFIG' ) && file_exists( $location . '/admin-' . $locale . '.mo' ) )
						load_textdomain( 'default', $location . '/admin-' . $locale . '.mo' );
					break 2;
				}
			}
		}

		break;
	}

	$wp_locale = new WP_Locale();
}

/**
 * Check or set whether WordPress is in "installation" mode.
 *
 * If the `WP_INSTALLING` constant is defined during the bootstrap, `wp_installing()` will default to `true`.
 *
 * @since 4.4.0
 *
 * @staticvar bool $installing
 *
 * @param bool $is_installing Optional. True to set WP into Installing mode, false to turn Installing mode off.
 *                            Omit this parameter if you only want to fetch the current status.
 * @return bool True if WP is installing, otherwise false. When a `$is_installing` is passed, the function will
 *              report whether WP was in installing mode prior to the change to `$is_installing`.
 */
function wp_installing( $is_installing = null ) {
	static $installing = null;

	// Support for the `WP_INSTALLING` constant, defined before WP is loaded.
	if ( is_null( $installing ) ) {
		$installing = defined( 'WP_INSTALLING' ) && WP_INSTALLING;
	}

	if ( ! is_null( $is_installing ) ) {
		$old_installing = $installing;
		$installing = $is_installing;
		return (bool) $old_installing;
	}

	return (bool) $installing;
}

/**
 * Determines if SSL is used.
 *
 * @since 2.6.0
 * @since 4.6.0 Moved from functions.php to load.php.
 *
 * @return bool True if SSL, otherwise false.
 */
function is_ssl() {
	if ( isset( $_SERVER['HTTPS'] ) ) {
		if ( 'on' == strtolower( $_SERVER['HTTPS'] ) ) {
			return true;
		}

		if ( '1' == $_SERVER['HTTPS'] ) {
			return true;
		}
	} elseif ( isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PORT'] ) && ( '443' == $_SERVER['SERVER_PORT'] ) ) {
		return true;
	}
	return false;
}

/**
 * Converts a shorthand byte value to an integer byte value.
 *
 * @since 2.3.0
 * @since 4.6.0 Moved from media.php to load.php.
 *
 * @link https://secure.php.net/manual/en/function.ini-get.php
 * @link https://secure.php.net/manual/en/faq.using.php#faq.using.shorthandbytes
 *
 * @param string $value A (PHP ini) byte value, either shorthand or ordinary.
 * @return int An integer byte value.
 */
function wp_convert_hr_to_bytes( $value ) {
	$value = strtolower( trim( $value ) );
	$bytes = (int) $value;

	if ( false !== strpos( $value, 'g' ) ) {
		$bytes *= GB_IN_BYTES;
	} elseif ( false !== strpos( $value, 'm' ) ) {
		$bytes *= MB_IN_BYTES;
	} elseif ( false !== strpos( $value, 'k' ) ) {
		$bytes *= KB_IN_BYTES;
	}

	// Deal with large (float) values which run into the maximum integer size.
	return min( $bytes, PHP_INT_MAX );
}

/**
 * Determines whether a PHP ini value is changeable at runtime.
 *
 * @since 4.6.0
 *
 * @link https://secure.php.net/manual/en/function.ini-get-all.php
 *
 * @param string $setting The name of the ini setting to check.
 * @return bool True if the value is changeable at runtime. False otherwise.
 */
function wp_is_ini_value_changeable( $setting ) {
	static $ini_all;

	if ( ! isset( $ini_all ) ) {
		$ini_all = false;
		// Sometimes `ini_get_all()` is disabled via the `disable_functions` option for "security purposes".
		if ( function_exists( 'ini_get_all' ) ) {
			$ini_all = ini_get_all();
		}
 	}

	// Bit operator to workaround https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=44936 which changes access level to 63 in PHP 5.2.6 - 5.2.17.
	if ( isset( $ini_all[ $setting ]['access'] ) && ( INI_ALL === ( $ini_all[ $setting ]['access'] & 7 ) || INI_USER === ( $ini_all[ $setting ]['access'] & 7 ) ) ) {
		return true;
	}

	// If we were unable to retrieve the details, fail gracefully to assume it's changeable.
	if ( ! is_array( $ini_all ) ) {
		return true;
	}

	return false;
}

/**
 * Determines whether the current request is a WordPress Ajax request.
 *
 * @since 4.7.0
 *
 * @return bool True if it's a WordPress Ajax request, false otherwise.
 */
function wp_doing_ajax() {
	/**
	 * Filters whether the current request is a WordPress Ajax request.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param bool $wp_doing_ajax Whether the current request is a WordPress Ajax request.
	 */
	return apply_filters( 'wp_doing_ajax', defined( 'DOING_AJAX' ) && DOING_AJAX );
}

/**
 * Determines whether the current request is a WordPress cron request.
 *
 * @since 4.8.0
 *
 * @return bool True if it's a WordPress cron request, false otherwise.
 */
function wp_doing_cron() {
	/**
	 * Filters whether the current request is a WordPress cron request.
	 *
	 * @since 4.8.0
	 *
	 * @param bool $wp_doing_cron Whether the current request is a WordPress cron request.
	 */
	return apply_filters( 'wp_doing_cron', defined( 'DOING_CRON' ) && DOING_CRON );
}

/**
 * Check whether variable is a WordPress Error.
 *
 * Returns true if $thing is an object of the WP_Error class.
 *
 * @since 2.1.0
 *
 * @param mixed $thing Check if unknown variable is a WP_Error object.
 * @return bool True, if WP_Error. False, if not WP_Error.
 */
function is_wp_error( $thing ) {
	return ( $thing instanceof WP_Error );
}

/**
 * Determines whether file modifications are allowed.
 *
 * @since 4.8.0
 *
 * @param string $context The usage context.
 * @return bool True if file modification is allowed, false otherwise.
 */
function wp_is_file_mod_allowed( $context ) {
	/**
	 * Filters whether file modifications are allowed.
	 *
	 * @since 4.8.0
	 *
	 * @param bool   $file_mod_allowed Whether file modifications are allowed.
	 * @param string $context          The usage context.
	 */
	return apply_filters( 'file_mod_allowed', ! defined( 'DISALLOW_FILE_MODS' ) || ! DISALLOW_FILE_MODS, $context );
}